Q45. rebelled were told that if they submitted to the British, and if they had not Driven by this fear, the British now wanted to secure their control over the north-west. An infuriated Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion, stop fortification, and pay the revenues. Those were the days many people in the country believed They were called “nabobs” – an anglicised version of the Indian word nawab. This is a picture of one of their meetings in progress. Did you know that the British originally came as a small trading company and were reluctant to acquire territories? Find out about the culture, architecture and the life of Europeans and Indians of the city during the colonial period. Halhed translated this digest into English. Sikandar was defeated by the Mughal army and was compelled to retreat to the Sivalik Hills in northern Punjab. But the presence of Maharaja Ranjit Singh held back the Company. However, the ranking system, which was first introduced by Akbar, did not apply only to the chiefs: every man employed for state service who was a… A visitor to the Cape in 1824 has left a moving account of what he saw at a slave auction: Having learned that there was to be sale of cattle, farm-stock, etc by auction, … we halted our wagon for the purpose of procuring fresh oxen. Name any two sources to reconstruct the Age of the Mughals. The rural areas had a large number of armed peasants and the local zamindars often supplied the Mughals with paidal soldiers. 10 May, the soldiers marched to the jail in Meerut and released the imprisoned captured, tried and killed in April 1859. According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. 11. myCBSEguide has just released Chapter Wise Question Answers for class 8 Social Science. Fig. 12 – The trial of Warren Hastings, painted by R.G. There he came face to face with a tiger. The Company even began to plan how to bring the Mughal To bring about uniformity, in 1775 eleven pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy, as other regional powers were doing at that time. The Mughal army was mainly composed of cavalry (sawars: trained soldiers on horseback) and infantry, that is, paidal (foot) soldiers. The Dutch trading ships reached southern Africa in the seventeenth century. The arrival of new steam technology in the early nineteenth century also aided this process. Fig. 8 – Cornwallis receiving the sons of Tipu Sultan as hostages, painted by Daniel Orme, 1793. From the early eighteenth century its trade with India had expanded. From Trade to Territory – The company establishes power CBSE Class 8 History Chapter with detailed explanation of the chapter ‘The company establishes power ‘ along with question answers. Let us see how this happened. There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. How did the Company suppress the revolt? The British took it away when Tipu Sultan died defending his capital Seringapatam on 4 May 1799. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. transferred to the British Crown in order to ensure a more responsible This solved a major problem that the company had earlier faced. हिंदी - बाल महाभारत कथा (Chapter 01 - 20), हिंदी - बाल महाभारत कथा (Chapter 21 - 40). The Red Fort is a historic fort in the city of Delhi (in Old Delhi) in India that served as the main residence of the Mughal Emperors.Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi.Originally red and white, its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also constructed the Taj Mahal. They were to be protected by the Company, but had to pay for the “subsidiary forces” that the Company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. They were given training in archery ( teer-andazi) and the use of the sword. and set fire to the buildings and properties of the British and declared war on People were captured, chained, and sold in slave markets. How did British plan to bring Mughal dynasty to an end? Given here is the complete explanation of the chapter and all the exercises, … How did British plan to bring Mughal dynasty to an end? He established control over a very large part of the territory that is now known as India. It meant of course that the Company acquired more power and authority. His gun did not work and his dagger fell to the ground. Now the Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states. Dharmashastras – Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules and codes of behaviour, composed from c. 500 BCE onwards, Musket – A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers, Matchlock – An early type of gun in which the powder was ignited by a match. He had come to Madras (now Chennai) from England in 1743 at the age of 18. Some of the new rules violated their religious sensibilities With popular support he destroyed many British camps and records. A change occurred in the eighteenth century when Mughal successor states like Awadh and Benaras started recruiting peasants into their armies and training them as professional soldiers. They were severely punished, and since the issue did not die down, in This is because the British empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan and Egypt where soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks. The Company now had complete control over the territories south of the Vindhyas. But officials of the Company, who were carrying on private trade on the side, were expected to pay duty. How would you have reacted to the stories of British conquests? In fact, it was Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, who had discovered this sea route to India in 1498. Write a letter home to your mother telling her about your luxurious life and contrasting it with your earlier life in Britain. 6 – Nawab Shujauddaulah of Awadh, with his sons and the British Resident, painted by Tilly Kettle (oil, 1772). The Company forces were defeated by Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan in several battles. 1 – Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons being arrested by Captain HodsonAfter Aurangzeb there was no powerful Mughal ruler, but Mughal emperors continued to be symbolically important. transferred to the British Crown in order to ensure a more responsible eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'educationwithfun_com-box-3','ezslot_0',112,'0','0'])); Ans. This effort to fortify settlements and carry on profitable trade also led to intense conflict with local rulers. from the coins minted by the Company. 10. The only way the trading companies could flourish was by eliminating rival competitors. Company, they refused to follow the order, though they agreed to go by the land Mr Chairman, at this moment I stand astonished at my moderation. 11 – Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding court. Only in the last – the Battle of Seringapatam – did the Company ultimately win a victory. Mughal Administration *The Central Government* == *Provincial Administration* == *Finances* == *Military Organization* == *The Judiciary* [[209]] BEFORE following the fate of the Mughal empire under Aurangzeb's successors in the eighteenth century, it will be useful to outline the main features of administration under the four great emperors. As powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India, Delhi could no longer function as an effective centre. Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company. Through the Residents, the Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states. Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799). The response of the other Indian soldiers in Meerut was quite extraordinary. The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal. Accusing the Company of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. Quoted in Nigel Wordon et. 1527 defeat of Mewar king Rana Sanga and his allies at Khanua; 1528 defeat of Rajputs at Chanderi; In 1530, Humayun came to power but in 1540 lost his empire to Sher Shah Suri. Hyderabad was also forced to cede territories on similar grounds. Enraged by the humiliating way in which the Nawab was deposed, the people of Awadh joined the great revolt that broke out in 1857. the rebel landowners of Awadh? The final wave of annexations occurred under Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856. The principal figure in an Indian district was the Collector. These solutions for The Mughal Empire are extremely popular among Class 7 students for Social science The Mughal Empire Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. A member of the British Cabinet was What information does … Write a short note on Subedar Sitaram Pande. Lucknow was taken in March 1858. Combined with its indirect influence on the remaining territory and population of the country, the East India Company had virtually the whole of India under its control. route. East India Company begins trade in Bengal. The Mughal Empire Class 7 Extra Questions Social Science History Chapter 4. But it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain. Few pictures have been taken from different sources, If any Graphic / Image is offensive or under any copyrights then please email us to get it removed. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored, and it had offices where Company officials sat. On June 22, 1555, they met in battle. After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city. He could enhance the mansab, lower down it or remove it. sepoys. This was the base from which the Company’s traders, known at that time as “factors”, operated. What did the British do to suppress the revolt of 1857? Traditional Army: The Mughal army was mainly composed of cavalry (sawars: trained soldiers on horseback) and infantry, that is, paidal (foot) soldiers. Officer, Norgate, to write his memoirs. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials. One of these was Kalikata which later developed into a city, known as Calcutta. After this he came to be known as the “Tiger of Mysore”. Ultimately, in 1849, Punjab was annexed. 1856 the Company passed a new law which stated that every new person who took But Rayanna, a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor, carried on the resistance. The Company was worried about his power and keen on a puppet ruler who would willingly give trade concessions and other privileges. The urge to secure markets therefore led to fierce battles between the trading companies. When its handle was turned the toy tiger roared and the soldier shrieked. British painters always liked painting scenes that showed the triumph of British power. Longman_history Solutions for Class 7 Social science Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. In 1733 the Nawab of Bengal said this about the English traders: When they first came into the country they petitioned the then government in a humble manner for liberty to purchase a spot of ground to build a factory house upon, which was no sooner granted but they built a strong fort, surrounded it with a ditch which has communication with the river and mounted a great number of guns upon the walls. Or. Many of them came from humble backgrounds and their uppermost desire was to earn enough in India, return to Britain and lead a comfortable life. The Mansabdars were ranked based on the number of men that they had raised and the ranking system became known as mansab. This is the picture of a big mechanical toy that Tipu possessed.You can see a tiger mauling a European soldier. This they refused to pay, causing an enormous loss of revenue for Bengal. This time the British had an added argument – they said they were “obliged by duty” to take over Awadh in order to free the people from the “misgovernment” of the Nawab! Competition amongst the European companies inevitably pushed up the prices at which these goods could be purchased, and this reduced the profits that could be earned. The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension. (d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the ___________ part of India. The Mughal rulers did not have a navy and made no efforts to establish one. Awadhi and Norgate translated it into English and had it published under the new laws so that the rebels could be convicted with ease, and then moved into Be it the founder of the Mughal Empire – Babur or his invincible descendants like Humayun, Akbar, Aurangzeb, etc., each name has its own list of glory, achievements and power. As long as the prince acts in perfect subservience, and does what is agreeable to the residents, that is, to the British Government, things go on quietly; they are managed without the resident appearing much in the administration of affairs … but when anything of a different nature happens, the moment the prince takes a course which the British Government think wrong, then comes clashing and disturbance. Lakshmibai was defeated and killed in June 1858. killed any white people, they would remain safe and their rights and This process, however, did not go unchallenged. Answer: The author of Ain-i-Akbari is Abul Fazal. CBSE Class 8 History Chapter 2 Important Questions. You will read about this revolt in Chapter 5. The cavalry dominated the army and the Mughal state did not feel the need to have a large professionally trained infantry. announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the family of the king would of his descendants would be recognized as kings – they would just be called route. British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. You will read more about several cases of resistance later in the book. Now revenues from India could finance Company expenses. This is what he said: Consider the situation in which the victory at Plassey had placed me! It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free. This solved a major problem that the company had earlier faced. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat). On retirement he was persuaded by his Commanding Here is a legend about Tipu Sultan who became the ruler of Mysore in 1782. This can be illustrated with the case of the southern Indian state of Mysore. dynasty to an end. What will be your feelings? How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh? What did the sepoys feel? Warren Hastings (Governor-General from 1773 to 1785) was one of the many important figures who played a significant role in the expansion of Company power. The Revolt of 1857 gives us a glimpse into the world of the sepoys. Clive had managed to secure his support by promising to make him nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company? reinforcements from England, passed Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. From the late eighteenth century the Company also sought to curb and eventually destroy Maratha power. If we analyse the process of annexation of Indian states by the East India Company from 1757 to 1857, certain key aspects emerge. Rani Having failed to work with puppet nawabs, Clive declared: “We must indeed become nawabs ourselves.”. After his death in 1707, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars began asserting their authority and establishing regional kingdoms. allowed to continue to enjoy traditional rights over their lands. A great prince was dependent on my pleasure; an opulent city lay at my mercy; its richest bankers bid against each other for my smiles; I walked through vaults which were thrown open to me alone, piled on either hand with gold and jewels! Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European-style training, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before. Kings are often surrounded by legend and their powers glorified through folklore. A major problem was that the Brahman pandits gave different interpretations of local laws based on different schools of the dharmashastra. How did they react to the changes in their lives and their identity – that is, their sense of who they were? the storm centres of the revolt. Each was ruled by a Governor. A member of the British Cabinet was In the late 1830s the East India Company became worried about Russia. Write a short note on Subedar Sitaram Pande. princes. Fig. The company therefore found it difficult to separate trade from politics. They were given training in archery (teer-andazi) and the use of the sword. management of Indian affairs. 5. Overall, Persians were the most numerous in the Mughal nobility 2- Pashtuns, smaller presence in Mughal nobility compared to Persians and Turanis but very large presence in the army, perhaps as numerous as Rajputs. The name of the Mughal king was removed The Army of the Mughal Empire was the force by which the Mughal emperors established their empire in the 15th century and expanded it to its greatest extent at the beginning of the 18th century. He devised a policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse. ... Mughal Military Campaigns. Collect pictures, stories, poems and information about any of the following – the Rani of Jhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar Ali, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalhousie or any other contemporary ruler of your region. title From Sepoy to Subedar. They tried to decide who was to be the successor to the throne, and who was to be appointed in administrative posts. 9.8 The Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri 237 bazaars (Chandni Chowk) and spacious homes for the nobility. princes. The British were furious. These include: 1526 defeat of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat and establishment of Mughal empire in India. The Nawab had to pay Rs 500,000 every month but the Company wanted more money to finance its wars, and meet the demands of trade and its other expenses. Aurangzeb was the last of the powerful Mughal rulers. He helped the British to Q51. Ans. ... What constituted the Mughal army? There were 33 categories of the Mansabdars. The conflicts led to confrontations and finally culminated in the famous Battle of Plassey. Mercantile trading companies in those days made profit primarily by excluding competition,so that they could buy cheap and sell dear. The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi. For example, when the British tried to annex the small state of Kitoor (in Karnataka today), Rani Channamma took to arms and led an anti-British resistance movement. This led to an impeachment proceeding in the British Parliament that lasted seven years. How did other Indian soldiers in Meerut participate in the There chapter wise Practice Questions with complete solutions are available for download in myCBSEguide website and mobile app. These moves and the defeat of Bijapur army sent to punish Shivaji alarmed the Mughal officials. One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle. The Governor-General of India was given the So it tried, though without success, to help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab. Finally, the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power. They announced rewards for loyal landholders would be When Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal. Table 1 charts some of the major campaigns of the Mughals. However, not all Company officials succeeded in making money like Clive. The Company did not have to fear competition from other English trading companies. What attracted European trading companies to India? By his time the Company had acquired power not only in Bengal, but also in Bombay and Madras. Write about the major campaigns and events of Shah Jahan reign. After the battles with the Marathas and the Mysore rulers, the Company realised the importance of strengthening its cavalry force. When Mir Qasim complained, he in turn was defeated in a battle fought at Buxar (1764), driven out of Bengal, and Mir Jafar was reinstalled. More members were to be inducted into the Central Legislative Council and the Provincial Legislative Councils. In the words of Stanely Lane-Poole, “As some imperial corpse preserved for age in its dead seclusion, crowned and armed and still majestic, yet falls to the dust at the breath of heaven, so fell the Empire of the Mughals when the great name that guarded it … The tears, the anxiety, the anguish of the mother, while she … cast heart-rending look upon her children, and the simplicity and touching sorrow of the poor young ones while they clung to their distracted parent … contrasted with the marked insensitivity and jocular countenances of the spectators. Lakshmibai was defeated and killed in June 1858. On Many died an early death in India due to disease and war and it would not be right to regard all of them as corrupt and dishonest. After all, they had to maintain a basic appearance of dignity and sovereignty if they wanted respect from their subjects. A mansabdar could be asked to perform any civil or military service. September 1857. Why were the Indian sepoys unhappy with the British rule? conditions of service. Abul Fazl wrote a three volume history of Akbar’s reign titled, Akbar Nama. Mughal army on campaign. of his descendants would be recognized as kings – they would just be called Fig. Imagine that you are a young Company official who has been in India for a few months. Lastly in the name of human nature itself, in the name of both the sexes, in the name of every age, in the name of every rank, I impeach the common enemy and oppressor of all. The Court of Proprietors of the East India Company had their meetings in the East India House on Leadenhall Street in London. Often this created problems since caste and community feelings were ignored in building a force of professional soldiers. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this doctrine: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854). The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. He also established a close relationship with the French in India, and modernised his army with their help. NOTES: Mughals had many long running military campaigns in India. Write short notes on Akbar's religious policy. N.B. Fig. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under the supervision of the collectors. How did the British succeed in securing the submission of The Mughal army was mainly composed of cavalry (sawars: trained soldiers on horseback) and infantry, that is, paidal (foot) soldiers. It is said that once he went hunting in the forest with a French friend. The Mughal emperor, in 1765, appointed the Company’s the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal. iii. After his death in 1839, two prolonged wars were fought with the Sikh kingdom. In each of these maps, try and identify the different parts of India that were not under British rule. 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